Mysterious household of malware hid in Google Play for years

A mysterious household of Android malware with a demonstrated historical past of successfully concealing its myriad spying actions has as soon as once more been present in Google Play after greater than two years of hiding in plain sight.

The apps, disguised as file-sharing, astronomy, and cryptocurrency apps, hosted Mandrake, a household of extremely intrusive malware that safety agency Bitdefender known as out in 2020. Bitdefender stated the apps appeared in two waves, one in 2016 via 2017 and once more in 2018 via 2020. Mandrake’s capacity to go unnoticed then was the results of some unusually rigorous steps to fly below the radar. They included:

• Not working in 90 international locations, together with these comprising the previous Soviet Union
• Delivering its remaining payload solely to victims who have been extraordinarily narrowly focused
• Containing a kill change the builders named seppuku (Japanese type of ritual suicide) that totally wiped all traces of the malware
• Totally useful decoy apps in classes together with finance, Auto & Autos, Video Gamers & Editors, Artwork & Design, and Productiveness
• Fast fixes for bugs reported in feedback
• TLS certificates pinning to hide communications with command and management servers.

Lurking within the shadows

Bitdefender estimated the variety of victims within the tens of 1000’s for the 2018 to 2020 wave and “in all probability tons of of 1000’s all through the total 4-year interval.”

Following Bitdefender’s 2020 report, Mandrake-infected apps appeared to fade from Play. Now, safety agency Kaspersky has reported that the apps reappeared in 2022 and went unnoticed till now. In addition to a brand new spherical of decoy apps, the Mandrake operators additionally launched a number of measures to raised conceal their malicious habits, keep away from evaluation from “sandboxes” utilized by researchers to determine and research malware, and fight malware protections launched lately.

“The Mandrake adware is evolving dynamically, bettering its strategies of concealment, sandbox evasion, and bypassing new protection mechanisms,” Kaspersky researchers Tatyana Shishkova and Igor Golovin wrote. “After the functions of the primary marketing campaign stayed undetected for 4 years, the present marketing campaign lurked within the shadows for 2 years, whereas nonetheless accessible for obtain on Google Play. This highlights the menace actors’ formidable expertise, and likewise that stricter controls for functions earlier than being printed within the markets solely translate into extra refined, harder-to-detect threats sneaking into official app marketplaces.

A key characteristic of the newest era of Mandrake is a number of layers of obfuscation designed to forestall evaluation by researchers and bypass the vetting course of Google Play makes use of to determine malicious apps. All 5 of the apps Kaspersky found first appeared in Play in 2022 and remained accessible for no less than a yr. The newest app was up to date on March 15 and faraway from the app market later that month. As of earlier this month, not one of the apps have been detected as malicious by any main malware detection supplier.

One technique of obfuscation was to maneuver malicious performance to native libraries, which have been obfuscated. Beforehand, Mandrake saved the malicious logic of the primary stage in what’s often called the applying DEX file, a kind of file that’s trivial to investigate. By switching the situation to the native library libopencv_dnn.so, the Mandrake code is tougher to investigate and detect as a result of the native libraries are tougher to examine. By then obfuscating the native library utilizing the OLLVM obfuscator, Mandrake apps have been much more stealthy.

The chief functions of Mandrake are to steal the consumer’s credentials and obtain and execute next-stage malicious functions. However these actions are carried out solely in later-stage infections which might be served solely to a small variety of rigorously chosen targets. The first technique is by recording the display whereas a sufferer is getting into a passcode. The display recording is initiated by a management server sending instructions comparable to start_v, start_i, or start_a. The researchers defined:

When Mandrake receives a start_v command, the service begins and masses the required URL in an application-owned webview with a customized JavaScript interface, which the applying makes use of to control the net web page it masses.

Whereas the web page is loading, the applying establishes a websocket connection and begins taking screenshots of the web page at common intervals, whereas encoding them to base64 strings and sending these to the C2 server. The attackers can use further instructions to regulate the body charge and high quality. The menace actors name this “vnc_stream”. On the similar time, the C2 server can ship again management instructions that make utility execute actions, comparable to swipe to a given coordinate, change the webview dimension and determination, change between the desktop and cell web page show modes, allow or disable JavaScript execution, change the Consumer Agent, import or export cookies, return and ahead, refresh the loaded web page, zoom the loaded web page and so forth.

When Mandrake receives a start_i command, it masses a URL in a webview, however as a substitute of initiating a “VNC” stream, the C2 server begins recording the display and saving the report to a file. The recording course of is just like the “VNC” state of affairs, however screenshots are saved to a video file. Additionally on this mode, the applying waits till the consumer enters their credentials on the net web page after which collects cookies from the webview.

The start_a command permits working automated actions within the context of the present web page, comparable to swipe, click on, and so on. If that is so, Mandrake downloads automation situations from the URL specified within the command choices. On this mode, the display can also be recorded.

Display recordings will be uploaded to the C2 with the upload_i or upload_d instructions.

Neither Kaspersky nor Bitdefender supplied attribution for the group or what its motives are for spreading a adware and credential-stealing app as refined as Mandrake. The apps Kaspersky found seem within the desk under. Google has since eliminated them from Play. Extra indicators of compromise will be discovered within the Kaspersky put up.